Monday, December 30, 2019

Customer Relationship Management Assignment - 2171 Words

SCHOOL OF HOSPITALITY, TOURISM AND CULINARY ARTS BACHELOR OF INTERNATIONAL HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT (HONS.) HTM2232 SALES AND CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGEMENT ASSIGNMENT NAME : TAN KHAI XIN I/D : 0302483 BATCH : BH 5 GROUP : 8 LECTURER: LEE SOO SIAN SUBMISSION DATE: 31 May 2013 INTRODUCTION CRM is the information industry abbreviation for customer relationship management which is commonly used to describe a business-customer relationship that ultimately focuses on understanding the customer as a business strategy. Apart from that, its system enables businesses to retain customers through better customer experience, attract new customers, win new clients and contracts, increase†¦show more content†¦e.g. : http://eatdrinkkl.blogspot.com/2012/11/three-little-pigs-big-bad-wolf-bangsar.html : http://www.broughtup2share.com/2013/03/three-little-pigs-the-big-bad-wolf-bangsar/ * Through previous online deal on Groupon Malaysia website (link : http://www.groupon.my/deals/klang/three-little-pigs-the-big-bad-wolf-restaurant/716690824) * Word of mouth * A few friends recommended for me to try out their signature pasta dish. * Friends on the social network like Facebook and Instagram posted positive feedbacks and pictures of their food. Analysis of visit 1. RELIABILITY : Expectation: The server to be able to give good suggestions according to my preference. * The service crew has to be knowledgeable about their menu as they are the ones who convey our order to the kitchen crew, and can suggest food and drinks according to my given preferences. Outcome : Did not have full confidence being served by the service crew. * The server only attended to us when we were ready to order. He only points at the signature dishes on the menu when I asked for recommendations. After taking down our orders mentally, he walked away without repeating nor did he utter a single word throughout. Verdict:Show MoreRelatedAssignment Cover Sheet : Student Relationship Management1386 Words   |  6 PagesNORTHCENTRAL UNIVERSITY ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Learner: Angela Austin Academic Integrity: All work submitted in each course must be the Learner’s own. This includes all assignments, exams, term papers, and other projects required by the faculty mentor. The known submission of another person’s work represented as that of the Learner’s without properly citing the source of the work will be considered plagiarism and will result in an unsatisfactory grade for the work submitted or for the entire courseRead MoreSales Management1407 Words   |  6 PagesAPPENDIX ONE Sales Management 230 Semester 2, 2010 ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Name: ____________________________________________ Student ID: ______________________________ Tutor’s Name: ______________________________ Day time of tutorial: ______________________________ Date submitted: ______________________________ If the given name by which your tutor knows you differs from your name on University records, you should indicate BOTH names aboveRead MoreCRM Ch01 Syd M71693 Words   |  7 Pages1 Shi Yong Dong çŸ ³Ã¦ ° ¸Ã¦  ± Assistant Professor, Ph.D. ï  ® Teaching and academic area Ã¥ ­ ¸Ã¨ ¡â€œÃ©  ËœÃ¥Å¸Å¸ --Customer Relationship Management (CRM) --Business policy and strategic management --Business Statistics --Marketing Research ï  ® Contact information è  ¯Ã§ ³ »Ã¦â€" ¹Ã¥ ¼  Office: A425 Tel: 8897-2041 Email: ydshi@must.edu.mo Mon./Wed. 14:30-16:30 (by appointment) 2 Shi Yong Dong çŸ ³Ã¦ ° ¸Ã¦  ± Assistant Professor, Ph.D. ï  ® How to download PPT ä ¸â€¹Ã¨ ¼â€°Ã¨ ª ²Ã¤ » ¶ --ftp://ftp.must.edu.mo/ --Username: ydshi_stu Password: 1234 3 Goal of First Class ï  ® ï  ®Read MoreE Commerce Business At The Golfing Industry, While Being Cost Effective For The Client741 Words   |  3 PagesAs an intern the following assignment was proposed as a means of establishing an E-Commerce business in the golfing industry, while being cost effective for the client. Project Assignment: Harrison Kirby, the owner of a small golf shop, has asked to have a report provided on moving his golf shop to an e-commerce interface that is user friendly, easy to manage, will provide online sales with payment options, tee-time scheduling with group play, inventory selection of 150 items with in-store pick-upRead MoreSemaconnect Is The Leading Provider Of Electric Vehicle Amenities For The North American Commercial Residential Property Market Essay1229 Words   |  5 Pagescharging stations and station management software. Additionally, he applauded SemaConnect for being the first â€Å"go green† company to contribute regarding achievement towards the â€Å"State’s green goal†. (The Maryland Department of Transportation, 2012) Ultimately, SemaConnect prides themselves on customer service and focuses on perfecting comprehensive solutions that boost property value and status to municipal, parking, multifamily, hotel, office, and retail customers across the United States and CanadaRead MoreGalanz Case Study1088 Words   |  5 PagesPost these responses directly in your private student journal.   Your assignment is due Wednesday, April   10th. Then a forum will open for each of these assignment questions. Please write two-to-three paragraphs per question. 1.   What are Galanzs competitive and operations strategies? Considering the expertise of international players like Panasonic and Toshiba, Galanz didnt really have a competitive advantage with respect to technology. Cost arbitrage (of land and labor) was the chief competitiveRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management (Crm) Is A Method That1020 Words   |  5 PagesCustomer Relationship Management (CRM) is a method that provides an interconnection between a company and its customers for a substantial growth in the business, especially in terms of interactions between the two. It comprises usage of a set of methodologies focusing on customer driving. It was duly noted that despite the economic challenges that many companies have faced over the past few years, mainly the global economic downfall in 2008, which critically affected developed economies in USA andRead MoreThe Case Of Dow Corning And Direct Television Article1188 Words   |  5 Pageswhere two companies transform their businesses approach to mobilizing the Customer Relationship Mana gement (CRM). CRM can be defined â€Å"as a process that involves planning to implement strategies, develop information systems and use of technology that focuses on offering value in the form of satisfaction for customer service (Reference of Business, 2016)†. The process is done by automation, cross function systems and customer service processing to be equipped the business and vital information to renderRead MoreMarketing Is Everything Reading Notes1499 Words   |  6 Pageshas advanced and changed very rapidly. Our business world depends on the most recent technology. Technology impacts customers’ choices of buying because what costumers want is convenience and personal satisfied tastes. Mckenna explains that, â€Å"†¦programmability is the new corporate capability to produce more and more varieties and choices for customers...offer each individual customer the chance to design and implement the ‘program’ that will yield the precise product, s ervice, or variety that is rightRead MoreAssessment Of A Performance Evaluation1235 Words   |  5 Pagesin taking corrective action in terms of modifying program features and relationship marketing objectives. Without proper performance metrics to evaluate CRM efforts, it would be hard to make objective decisions regarding continuance, variation, or cancellation of CRM programs. (Parvatiyar Sheth, 2001). Most businesses are defining their metrics in some combination of three areas: cost savings, revenue enhancements and customer value improvements. (Stevens, 2017). Cost Savings Cost saving opportunities

Saturday, December 21, 2019

Teen Suicide Essay - 605 Words

Daneshia Alberty Campbell EnglishIII-7 11 February, 2011 Teen Suicide Essay Teen suicide is one of the fastest killers for young teenagers. Every year thousands of teens die in the United States. There are many different reasons of why young teens commit suicide. Family issues, low self-esteem, and bullying are three of the many leading factors towards suicide for teens. Problems at home can cause a teenager to take their lives. Abuse in the home of the teenager can most often establish a suicidal situation. If the teenager feels lonely and trapped they will refer to suicide to escape from the physical abuse and emotions they feel. Physical abuse is not the only type of abuse that may lead a teen towards suicide. Emotional, verbal,†¦show more content†¦It can be recognized on the internet, phone calling, and gossiping,. In most cases teenagers who bully others find satisfaction in causing pain and injury to other teenagers. Being bullied is not a good experience to go through. Young teens who have been bullied seek out ways to esc ape all the pain and suffering. As a result, teen suicide is the third leading cause for all deaths for young adults. Abuse at home, having low self-esteem, and bullying are three of the many factors. Teenagers who are faced with the idea to commit suicide should immediately talk to a parent or counselor for help. Obviously there are many more factors for teen suicide: divorce of parents, feelings of worthlessness, rejection from family and friends, substance abuse, and deaths are other factors and reasons of why teenagers commit suicide. In many cases of suicide, teenagers will actually try to talk to someone about their problems. The young adult will show many signs and warnings before taking their lives. Most adults and teens never notice because they have no knowledge of all the signs and symptoms of suicide. Knowing theses signs will help to prevent most suicidal cases. It is important to show the teenager whom has thoughts of suicide unconditional love and emotional support. S uicide should not be anyone’s solution for escaping their problems. Work cited About Teen Suicide. KidsHealth - the Webs Most Visited Site about Childrens Health. Ed. Nemours. Web. 13Show MoreRelatedTeen Suicide And Suicide1145 Words   |  5 Pagesthem? Today suicide is one of the most prevalent causes of death for teenagers in the United states. The suicide rates for teens are astronomical. Writer Stephanie Pappas mentions teen suicide rates in her article Suicide: Statistics, Warning Signs and Prevention. In the article, Pappas writes â€Å"In 2015, suicide was the second leading cause of death in people 15 to 34 years of age and third leading cause of death in children aged 10 to 14, according to the CDC.’’ (Stephanie Pappas, Suicide: StatisticsRead MoreTeen Suicide1182 Words   |  5 Pagesexperiencing loneliness, happiness and unconditional love. If life should be cherished why end it so soon? Suicide the most common way to get out of any hard situation that life throws at you. What exactly is the meaning of the word suicide? Well suicide is the act or an instance of taking ones own life voluntarily and intentionally especially by a person of years of discretion and of sound mind. Teens end their life so soon for number of reasons, like depression from a bad relationship, family problemsRead MoreTeen Suicide And Teenage Suicide1357 Words   |  6 Pagestake a more proactive step to prevent teen suicide by giving their students and staff more of an education. For example the Ontario Shores Mental Health Science wants schools to be more aware also; â€Å"Last week the Durham school boards announced a new curriculum to teach teachers about mental illness in youth, funded by the Ontario Shores Centre for Mental Health Sciences in Whitby.† ( Scallan and Chantaie). A town in Ontario brought this issue of teen suicide up to the school board. The school boardRead MoreTeen Suicide And Teenage Suicide1371 Words   |  6 PagesGutierrez Concepcion Gutierrez-Yanez Mrs. Gallos English 3 Honors April 6, 2017 Teen Suicide Brandy Vela, an eighteen-year-old high school student, committed suicide right in front of her family. Due to all the bullying over her weight, and especially in social media, she pulled the trigger and ended her life. It is said that her sister had heard a noisy disturbance and when she went upstairs to her sister’s room, she found Vela holding a gun pointing at her chest. â€Å"She is just crying and cryingRead MoreThe Issue Of Teen Suicide1715 Words   |  7 Pagescommit suicide? What’s the first thing you would do? Scream? Cry? Help? Many people wish they had helped their friend after they commit suicide. Being the victim is scary, being the witness is scarier, and being the bystander is the scariest. Suicide has been a problem for a very long time. It can be caused by stress,anxiety, bullying, and mental illnesses. Teen suicide is a huge problem because there are so many situations that can stress you out and just make you give up, especially as a teen. AlmostRead MoreAn Essay on Teen Suicide798 Words   |  4 PagesTeen suicide My essay is on teen suicide there are a lot of suicides that happen in the U.S they are caused from being bullied also it can caused by being depressed. There is also a high increase of suicides for people who take antidepressants. All this information is true based on the sites below. 1) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/health/September-October-08/Teen-Suicide-Rate-Worries-Mental-Health-Experts.html 2) http://articles.latimes.com/2013/oct/20/nation/la-na-nn-funeral-illinois-teen-suicide-bullying-20131020Read MoreThe Problem Of Teen Suicide1609 Words   |  7 PagesTeen suicide is one of the largest problems facing America at the moment, and it will only become worse if the country does not come up with a solution. â€Å"According to the American Psychiatric Association, suicide is the third leading cause of death for young people between eleven and eighteen years of age (Teen Suicide).† American families can not keep losing sons and daughters to this entirely preventable epidemic. The largest issue with teen suicide is that Americans are using largely outdatedRead MoreEssay On Teen Suicide1235 Words   |  5 Pages† offer little comfort, and even less hope to those considering suicide. Amongst U.S teens, suicide is the 2nd leading cause of death more so than cancer, AIDS, chronic drug use, and heart disease combined. Common risk factors are bullying in school, hi story of sexual abuse, alcohol, and drug addiction, along with a history of mental illness in the family. There is also a direct correlation between socioeconomic status and suicide in urban, and remote areas. Factors such as social deprivation,Read MoreTeen Suicide Essay881 Words   |  4 PagesTeen Suicide Suicide is a growing problem in American culture. Sadly, teens are affected the most. Teen suicide is increasing rapidly. â€Å"About 5,000 teens in the United States kill themselves each year† (Peacock, 4). Suicide among teens is a serious and devastating crisis. More teens are taking their lives today than ever before. Teen suicide does not affect one specific type of teen; it affects any type of teen. There are a variety of reasons teens resort to committing suicide. Many people are workingRead MoreEssay On Teen Suicide1332 Words   |  6 Pagesbut if that s true then why is there an increase in teenagers committing suicide. We all know that the rate of teenage suicide has been on the rise just as fast as the rise of social media use. Teenage suicide is never a good thing and is heartbreaking to those it affects. As social media becomes more intertwined in young people s lives there has been an increase in teen suicide from cyber bullying. Often times young teens don t kno w the dangers and consequences social media can cause and makes

Friday, December 13, 2019

The Gambia Free Essays

For my first location I will be investigating the Gambia. I have chosen the Gambia because it’s not a very large country and there’s plenty of information available for it. The Gambia is mainly a winter sun destination this means that most visitors go there when it’s cold here but hot there in the months of November to February. We will write a custom essay sample on The Gambia or any similar topic only for you Order Now It’s a long haul destination with a 6-hour flight and is Africa’s smallest country only 30miles wide and 300miles long and is known as the ‘smiling cost’. The Gambia is very popular because it’s a bird watchers paradise with tropical birds never seen before and also because everyone speaks English also it has famous museums to learn more about the slave trade like ‘Roots’. Majority of the population is Muslim. Development of tourism in the Gambia The Tourism in Gambia started some 40 yrs ago, when Gambia got its independence from British rule in 1965 and has increased every year from than. The development of hotels has had a definite increase with statistics recording around 660 tourist in 1965, than a very big increase from 1975 with over 25, 000 and the latest records show an even larger increase with 112,986 tourists in 1998/99. This is a very large number of tourists considering that the population is only 1,367,124 (approx). The main increase is due to the all inclusive hotels were guest pay one price up front for all their food, drink and entertainment in the hotel. The all inclusive hotels have been a problem because tourist do not bother to leave the hotel and see the natural beauty and meet the local people which means they do not benefit from the tourist because they cant sell the souvenirs or other things and the tourist miss out because they do not get to explore the beauty of the country and try local cuisines which also means that local restaurants loose out. Another problem is that not all of the money stays in the country because usually the hotels are foreign owned and the money reaches the mother company and this is when leakages occur. There are a few advantages due to the hotels which are that many local people get jobs in the hotels which means less unemployment and also the contribute to the local economy due to government taxes. The government did try to close the all inclusive hotels down because of all the problems they were causing but because of this tourist stopped coming all together so they had to bring them back again. The impacts of tourism on the physical environment Tourism in the Gambia has had both positive and negative impacts. The infrastructure of the country has a big part in the environment, the negative sides of the infrastructure are that building work such as hotels and restaurants mean that large amounts of land has to be cleared to make room for all the facilities which mean that the natural rainforest have to be cut down which also may mean the loss of habitat. There is a great deal of soil erosion and footpath erosion on frequently visited destinations, which in the future could cause problems. The positive sides are that with the new hotels and restaurants for the tourist they need to make basic things like clean running water, electricity and a sewage system, which will also benefit the local people. Another advantage is that greater awareness on the interests in the landscape and vegetation is being taken, also there is a greater need for preservation of ancient monument. The impact of tourism on the local community Majority of the Gambia is Muslim who have very strict food, drink and dress regulations. Tourist especially from European countries who know little about the belief may behave in an inappropriate manner while visiting there. Women lay topless on the beaches and men walk around half naked around the market area, this causes conflict between the tourist and local people because the locals were bought up to learn that those things are wrong. An example is if tourist walk around holding hands it would upset the local community because they think that there children mite start to think its okay to do this. Because of the tourist the crime rate usually goes up because of tourist getting drunk causing disturbance, women getting raped and more drug related crimes go up and this could also mean that the local people think this is the correct way to behave, this is known as the demonstration affect this causes great conflict between generations because the new generation may think that there religion is old and out of date and change their traditional morals and general behaviour. Also traditional ways of cooking will be changed because most tourist want fast food so local restaurants will have to change there ways of cooking and also music and arts will be changed because of foreigners wanting TV’s and radio’s. English words will replace the local language. All this means that the local communities will loose there traditional way of life and will have to change to survive. It can also be argued that all of these problems are not all due to the impacts of tourism because in the modern world you have TV were the local’s can see the lifestyle of foreigners and will try to copy it, reading magazines and also because of the people travelling to other countries all adds up to the changes. How to cite The Gambia, Papers

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Impact of Leadership on Employees in Organization

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Leadership on Employees in Organization. Answer: Introduction It is evident that leadership has become the fundamental issue in the corporate world. This happens as leaders take the responsibility of harmonizing and integrating both human as well as material resources to generate effective outcomes for the organization. The prime significance of the leadership style is that it allows the management to execute business process management in an efficient manner. On the other hand, the different leadership style including autocratic, laissez-free, and democratic style indicate distinct methods of engaging employees into business. As mentioned by Garca-Morales, Jimnez-Barrionuevo and Gutirrez-Gutirrez(2012), leadership can be considered as the technique of influencing others commitment in understanding their skills in achieving value added and shared vision with integrity. A significant aspect associated with leadership is the relationship that leaders have with the employees or individuals at the workplace. The current essay discusses the influence of leadership on individuals at workplaces in organizations. Different leadership styles: Autocratic: Lian and Tui (2012) have discussed that autocratic leadership style provides adequate opportunity to the managers for making decisions alone without taking any feedbacks from staffs an employees. In this particular leadership style, managers possess entire authority on taking managerial decisions in the business. Most of the time, large organizations follow autocratic leadership style for gaining competitive advantages in the business. Democratic: Participative leadership style often called the democratic leadership style which values the involvement of the team members and peers in the business. However, the final decisions are taken by the participative leaders in the organization. Herman and Chiu (2014) have agreed with the fact that participative leaders boost employee morale, as employee contributes in the decision-making process. Chen et al. (2014) have argued that organizations employ the participative leadership for bringing changes into the business process management. On the other hand, participative leadership style allows employees to provide their individual suggestion to the higher authority, which facilitates the organization in upholding an enhanced workflow process in the business. Laissez-Faire: Anitha (2014) has stated that Laissez-Fare leadership often fail to provide regular feedback to the employees in the business. In the laissez-fare leadership style, high and skilled employees are required in executing the business process management. This particular leadership style hiders the production of staffs requiring supervision. It has major drawbacks including lack of supervisions, which ultimately cause poor production, lack of control and increasing costs. Discussion and analysis In todays competitive environment, the companies tend to expand globally as well as deal with several challenges in order to achieve their objectives. In this context, Lian and Tui(2012) added that leaders play a crucial role in the achievement of organizational goals and enhance employee performance by meeting and satisfying their needs. It is observed that the leaders play an important role in managing the task of employees, satisfying individual needs and maintaining the whole team. Task needs As mentioned by Anitha(2014) a task can be considered as an action that is designed to contribute a particular end result to the achievement of the objectives. There are certain duties involved with task management. The leaders should make the individual inform that a task should be performed by the individual for its own sake (Herman and Chiu 2014). In addition, the leaders should know the knowledge, skills and attitude. Thus, it can be mentioned that hiring the right people could be an extreme consequence throughout the organization. Moreover, the leaders should also have knowledge regarding the tasks; thus, they could formulate the learning objectives to enhance the job performance. Individual needs The individual needs of the employees can be met with certain techniques. It is observed that Maslows hierarchy of needs can be applied to understand and satisfy the needs of individual. Psychological needs:The leaders should know the basic needs. This may include the need to have proper job, salary as well as a sense of financial independence. Figure 1: Maslows Hierarchy of needs pyramid (Source:Chenet al. 2014) Safety-When people have jobs, they need to know the job is secure. However, based on the performance of the employees, the leader should show a sense of security towards the employees. Belonging-Each individual should feel like they are the integral part of the team. Thus, if the organization is built up around certain principles, the sense of belongingness needs to come naturally. Esteem needs-It is observed that this need is highly prevalent within the large organization. However, the leaders should make an effective relationship with the individual in the workplace by sharing each significant detail with the individual at the workplace (Daft 2014). Therefore, the individual could feel that they are being valued. Self-Actualization-Most of the skilled employees have some particular level of ambition and they wish to achieve more than they are currently doing (Watson 2013). Thus, it is necessary for the leaders to provide them the opportunity to enhance their career. Team maintenance In managing the team, the leaders play a vital role as there have been certain aspects associated with the team management. One of the most important aspect is organizational culture. The leaders should maintain and develop the organization culture. In addition, each employee should be informed about their roles, responsibility and ethical criteria. Impact of leadership styles on individual at the workplace There have been three different leadership styles that are mostly used by the large organizations. These leadership styles are Autocratic, democratic and Laissez-Faire Leadership Laissez-Faire Leadership-It is observed that transactional and transformational leadership have two active forms that is considered as Laissez-Faire Leadership style. As argued by Vaccaro et al. (2012), laissez faire leaders are not observed to motivate others in the workplace. Thus, this leadership is considered as inactive. This leadership practice may not be effective for motivating employees. Democratic leadership style-This particular leadership style is mostly used by the organization as it helps to resolve the issues of employees and take effective decisions (Hochand Kozlowski 2014). The employee opinions are taken into consideration and this helps build employee motivation. Autocratic leadership style-This particular leadership style could allow the managers to make decisions alone without the involvement of others. As mentioned by Vaccaroet al. (2012), no one could challenge the decision taken by the autocratic leadership style. However, due to this leadership style, the employees have to deal with certain challenge as individual opinions are not considered. Conclusion It can be concluded that leadership plays an important role in enhancing the business opportunity in the organization. On the completion of the essay, it can be mentioned that leadership practices are required to develop both organizational as well as individual performance of the organization. It is also observed that in a dynamic business environment, the companies could depend on leaders to adopt the change and innovations needed to gain the competitive advantages. The leaders play the role of informing the employee to what they are supposed to do. Likewise, the leaders should also know what their employees should follow to provide relevant feedback. The leaders need to confirm what is being performed by the employees and why it is performed. It is evident that leaders play an important role in motivating the employees and understanding their needs. Thus, the organization should develop the leadership practice to achieve organizational objectives as well as enhance individual skil ls. Reference list: Anitha, J., 2014. Determinants of employee engagement and their impact on employee performance. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management. Chen, X.P., Eberly, M.B., Chiang, T.J., Farh, J.L. and Cheng, B.S., 2014. Affective trust in Chinese leaders linking paternalistic leadership to employee performance. Journal of Management, 40(3), pp.796-819. Daft, R.L., 2014. The leadership experience. Cengage Learning. Garca-Morales, V.J., Jimnez-Barrionuevo, M.M. and Gutirrez-Gutirrez, L., 2012. Transformational leadership influence on organizational performance through organizational learning and innovation. Journal of Business Research, 65(7), pp.1040-1050. Herman, H.M. and Chiu, W.C., 2014. Transformational leadership and job performance: A social identity perspective. Journal of Business Research, 67(1), pp.2827-2835. Hoch, J.E. and Kozlowski, S.W., 2014. Leading virtual teams: Hierarchical leadership, structural supports, and shared team leadership. Journal of applied psychology, 99(3), p.390. Lian, L.K. and Tui, L.G., 2012. Leadership styles and organizational citizenship behavior: The mediating effect of subordinates' competence and downward influence tactics. The Journal of Applied Business and Economics, 13(2), p.59. Marion, R. and Gonzales, L.D., 2013. Leadership in education: Organizational theory for the practitioner. Waveland Press. Vaccaro, I.G., Jansen, J.J., Van Den Bosch, F.A. and Volberda, H.W., 2012. Management innovation and leadership: The moderating role of organizational size. Journal of Management Studies, 49(1), pp.28-51. Watson, T., 2013. Management, organisation and employment strategy: New directions in theory and practice. Routledge.